| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland were established during World War II in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland.〔Yitzhak Arad, ''Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka.'' Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987.〕〔''Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce,'' Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1960. 〕〔 Most Jewish ghettos had been created by Nazi Germany between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder," with dead bodies littering the streets.〔Michael Berenbaum, ''The World Must Know'', United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006, p. 114.〕
In most cases, the larger ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods, and non-Jewish Poles and members of other ethnic groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere. Smaller Jewish communities with populations under 500 were terminated through expulsion soon after the invasion.〔( "The War Against The Jews." ) ''The Holocaust Chronicle,'' 2009. Chicago, Il. Accessed June 21, 2011.〕〔Wojciech Roszkowski, ''( Historia Polski 1914–1997'' ), Warsaw 1998. PDF file, 46,0 MB (available with purchase). Chomikuj.pl, 2013.〕
==The Holocaust==
The liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across Poland was closely connected with the construction of highly secretive death camps built in early 1942 by various German companies, for the sole purpose of annihilating a people.〔Dwork, Deborah and Robert Jan Van Pelt,( ''The Construction of Crematoria at Auschwitz'' ), W.W. Norton & Co., 1996.〕〔Cecil Adams, ( "Did Krups, Braun, and Mercedes-Benz make Nazi concentration camp ovens?" )〕 The Nazi extermination program depended on killing centers as much as on the effectiveness of their railways. Rail transport enabled the SS to run industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the "resettlement" program. Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including Litzmannstadt, the last ghetto in Poland to be emptied in August 1944.〔〔Jewish Virtual Library, ( Łódź. Overview of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto's history. ) Accessed June 27, 2011.〕〔United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - (Online Exhibition: Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto )〕〔University of Minnesota, ( Majdanek Death Camp )〕 In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising and the Łachwa Ghetto uprising, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the remaining Jews were either executed or deported to the extermination camps.〔〔(Kraków Ghetto including photographs ), at www.krakow-poland.com.〕〔(About Kraków Ghetto with valuable historical photographs. ) 〕〔("Schindler's Krakow," ) with modern-day photographs of the WWII relics. Internet Archive, saved from Silentwall.com (discontinued).〕〔(The Kraków Ghetto ) complete with contemporary picture gallery, at JewishKrakow.net〕 By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing.〔Edward Victor, ("Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities." ) ''Judaica Philatelic''. Accessed June 20, 2011.〕 Only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil with the assistance of their Polish neighbors, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000.〔Richard C. Lukas, ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust'', University Press of Kentucky 1989 - 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, ''The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944'', University Press of Kentucky, 1986, (Google Print, p.13 ).〕〔Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland," ''Journal of Holocaust Education'', Vol.7, Nos.1&2, 1998, pp.19-44. Published by Frank Cass, London.〕
In total, according to USHMM archives, "The Germans established at least 1000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone."〔(Types of Ghettos. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. )〕 The list of locations of the Jewish ghettos within the borders of pre-war and post-war Poland is compiled with the understanding that their inhabitants were either of Polish nationality from before the invasion, or had strong historical ties with Poland. Also, not all ghettos are listed here due to their transient nature. Permanent ghettos were created only in settlements with rail connections, because the food aid (paid by the Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the Germans, making even the potato-peels a hot commodity.〔Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, ( "The Ghettos of Poland." ) ''The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.'' 2002.〕 Throughout 1940 and 1941, most ghettos were sealed off from the outside, walled off or enclosed with barbed wire, and many Jews found leaving them were shot. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of , or 7.2 persons per room.〔(Warsaw Ghetto ), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, D.C.〕 The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates.〔(Ghettos ), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum〕 In documents and signage, the Nazis usually referred to the ghettos they created as ''Jüdischer Wohnbezirk'' or ''Wohngebiet der Juden'', meaning "Jewish Quarter". By the end of 1941, most Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for further deliveries.〔 The quagmire was resolved at the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942 near Berlin, where the "Final Solution" (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was set in place.〔François Furet, ''(Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews )''. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 0-8052-4051-9〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|